Creativity and Bipolar Disorder Essay -- Bipolar Creative Creativity E

Creativity and Bipolar Disorder History has always held a place for the mad genius, the kind who, in a bout of euphoriant fervor, rattles off revolutionary ideas, incomprehensible to the general population, yet invaluable to the populations evolution into a better adapted species over time. Is this link between creativity and moral illness one of coincidence, or are the two actually related? If related, does heightened creative behavior alter the brains neurochemistry such that one becomes more prone to a mental illness like bipolar disorder? Does bipolar disorder cause alterations in neurochemistry in the brain that increase creative behavior by elevated capacity for thought and expression? Is this link the result of some third factor which causes both of the two effects? Centuries of literature and innumerable studies lease supported strong cases relating creativity--particularly in the arts, music and literature--to bipolar disorder. Both creativity and bipolar disord er can be attributed to a genetic predisposition and environmental influences. Biographical studies, diagnostic and psychological studies and family studies provide different aspects for examining this relationship. A 1949 study of 113 German artists, writers, architects, and composers was one of the first to undertake an extensive, in-depth investigation of both artists and their relatives. Although two-thirds of the 113 artists and writers were psychically normal, in that respect were more suicides and insane and neurotic individuals in the artistic group than could be expected in the general population, with the highest rates of psychiatric abnormality found in poets (50%) and musicians (38%). (1) Many other similar tests revealed th... ...ay Redfield. Touched with Fire. New York Simon & Schuster, 1993. 2) Journal of Memetics, an article addressing creativity, evolution and mental illness.http//jomemit.cfpm.org/1997/vol1/preti_a&miotto_p.html3)Bipolar Disorder, an educatio nal resource about bipolar disorder.http//216.239.57.100/search?q= accumulateHac5G2R_ezsCfaculty.washington.edu/chudler/bipolar.html+serotonin+bipolar+disorder&hl=en&ie=UTF-84) Manic-Depressive & Depressive Association of Boston, an article discussing the genetics of bipolar disorder.http//www.mddaboston.org/lect020900.html5) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of amiable Disorders, an online version of the resource book.http//www.psychologynet.org/bipolar1.html6) From Neurons to Neighborhoods, a book that addresses early development of the brain. http//books.nap.edu/books/0309069882/html/187.htmlpagetop

Shakespeare And Anti-Semitism In The Merchant Of Venice Essay -- Merch

     Anti-Semitism and the desecration of the Jewish population have been in existence for nearly five thousand years. In the Elizabethan era, a question of antisemitism invariably arises. In William Shakespeares The Merchant of Venice, we find that one of the characters is the embodiment and expression of anti-Semitic attitude that is pervasive in Elizabethan society. "Anti-Semitism was an intricate part in Shakespeares years. Jews were considered vile and scorned upon. Shakespeare presents Judaism as an unchangeable trait" (Bloom 37). Shakespeares age based their anti-Semitism on religious grounds because the Elizabethans inherited the fiction, pretended by the early Church, that the Jews murdered Christ and were therefore in league with the devil and were actively working to subvert spread of Christianity. The religious grounds of this anti-Semitism means that if a Jew converted to Christianity, as Shylock is forced to do in The Merchant of Venice, th en all result be forgiven as the remorseful Jew is emb bucket alongd by the arms of the all merciful Christian god of love. In fact, somewhat Christian believed--as do some fundamentalist sects today--that the coming of the Kingdom of God was aided by converting the Jews to Christianity. Anti-Semitism in Shakespeares time is portrayed in his masterpiece The Merchant of Venice.      "Shylock the Jew, one of William Shakespeares profoundly ambivalent villains, is strangely isolated" (Bloom 24). He is portrayed as a usurer A leader of money on interest rather than a receiver of stolen goods. This concept will prove to the audience that the Jews are in fact "cheap" and have a frugal sense for possessions. It is an intriguing idea to think that even in Shakespeares time, stereotyping was a mundane part of their lives. Shakespeares anti-Semitism seems harsh, but shows that not all Jews are vile like most people believed in his time. Shylock is show n to be hard working (Goddard 5). Believe it or not, there is some compassion for the desecration of the Jews in Shakespeares play. Antonio recognizes the futility of opposing Shylocks passion with reason. "He seems the depository of the vengeance of his race" (Goddard 11). Antonio consequently appears as a charitable Christian who lends money freely, in contrast to the miserly an... ...an something like Marlowes Barabas.But at the same time, it seems clear (to me, at least) that Shakespeare creates Shylock against an historical and cultural backdrop that was intensely hostile to Jews. Given this social context and historical tradition, it should come as no surprise if some of this hostility against Jews should infiltrate Shakespeares work. Shakespeare was, after all, a commercial dramatist and many commercial dramatists correct their livings by pandering to, rather than working against, conventional social mores.To make the claim that Shakespeare creates Shylock within an anti-Semitic culture, and therefore invests Shylock with biased anti-Semitic attributes, does not impugn the artistry of the drama. Nor does such a claim affect Shakespeare himself as a monstrous anti-Semite. All this claim suggests is that Shakespeare, like most of the rest of his society, was hostile toward Jewry for religious and cultural reasons, and that hostility is revealed most clearly in Shylock.What these pages have tried to trace is the possible, or perhaps the probable, relationship between what was happening in Shakespeares day and what is happening in Shakespeares play.

The Young Offenders Act :: Free Essay Writer

The Young Offenders ActThis essay was written to show the advantages and disadvantages of the Young Offenders Act over the previous Juvenile Delinquents Act. Also it should give a metaphysical underezding of the current Canadian Juvenile-Justice system, the numeral and its implications and the effects of the new offenders needs and mental health on the outcome of the trials. In the interest of society the unfledged offenders actuate was brought forth on april second 1984. This act was created to ensure the rights and the needs of a young person. Alan W. Leshied says "On one hand the justice and well-grounded objectives of the act are being effectively realized while on the other hand the needs and treatment aspects of it leave much to be desired." The research of the Young offenders act is still ongoing moreover Leshied says that it is becoming clear that the custody positions have been in dispute since the act came into effect. The old Juvenile delinquency act state s in section 38 "The care and custody and discipline of a juvenile delinquent shall approximate as nearly as maybe that which should be accustomed by his parents, and... as far as practability every juvenile delinquent shall be treated, not as a criminal, but as a take and misdirected child . . . needing aid, encouragement, help and assiezce."(Page 72)If a youth is close to the adult age of 18 years they could be transfered to the adult justice system. This means that they would be condition the same sentences as an adult including and up to life in prison. Many people have tried to correct this problem that they see as a weakness. Yet, so far their attempts have failed. Another weakness they find, is that the courts are expensive andunsatisfactory methods of dealing with crime that is not very serious.Before the fabrication of legal aid most young offenders were not able to obtain legal services. "Subsection 11 (4) provides that, were a young person wishes to obtain c ounsel but is not able to do so, the youth-court judge shall refer the young person to the provincial legal-aid, or assiezce program. If no such program is available or the young person is unable to obtain counsel through an available program, the youth court judge may, and on the request of the young person shall direct the young person to be represented by counsel.

The Rainmake - Film Review Essay -- essays research papers

John Grishams The Rainmaker is the sixth novel to film adaptation and is by far one of the more accomplished. Directed by Francis Ford Copolla, this intriguing courtroom drama reveals the ordeals of a young lawyer and associate entering the realm of unscrupulous money hungry companys scams. They were totally unqualified to try the case of a life time, but every underdog has his day.To become a Rainmaker is Rudy Baylors (Matt Damon) ambition, to try the case of a lifetime and make the big bucks fall from the sky. Passing his bar exam with ease, this idealistic Memphis law school graduate, confidentially enters the eye-opening world of law and injustice in the 90s. Kick-starting his career in an firm of ambulance chasing attorneys, headed by the shifty Bruiser Stone, Baylors business is initially sparse, until Deck Schifflet (Danny De Vito) an unlicensed, street-wise legal assistant attempting the bar for the sixth time, steps in and demonstrates to the inexperienced Baylor how it is done.Mrs. Birdie, (Teresa Wright) Baylors landlady, becomes his first case, a chirpy elderly lady wishing to leave her fortunes to a TV evangelist, much to the refuse of her family, whom Birdie wants to cut,cut,cut from her will. His second case is Kelly Riker, (Clare Danes) a young woman repeatedly assaulted by her husband free fall (Andrew Schue). Riker catches Baylors eye in the hospital cafeteria, cover in bruises, attracting Baylors special interest to the case, as well as the safety of the defendant.The central case of the film is that of a mothers employment against an insurance company who refuse to pay insurance for her only son Donny Ray (Johnny Whitworth) who is dying of Leukemia. Dot scorch (Mary Kay Place) puts forward a strong case, with the assistance of Baylor, unveiling the injustice Insurance Company Great Benefits exhibits in shunning a decline class family out of much needed money insuring a young mans health and well-being. A heartwrenching tale of injust ice unfolds in this Memphis courtroom, accompanied appropriately with many a humorous action and anecdote.The point that it is set in actual locations in the city of Memphis, Tennessee, gives this 20th Century film great authenticity. The home of Dot, Buddy and Donny-Ray Black is representative of typical lower working class citizens a run-down American ranch style house with a wide front... ... courtroom. He also featured techniques such as cross cuts between the interrogation of the CEO and Schifflets search for Lemanczyk, and flash back sequences of the happy days when Donny Ray was healthy and the insurance company rep. was offering the Black family a great insurance deal.Voice Overs allowed the viewer to experience Baylors thoughts and sound effects like the thud of the baseball bat on Cliff Rikers skull and use of rain and thunder in the murder scene, decorated the film and added to the suspense of the plot. Lighting in red tones gave warmth to the happier scenes and gray ti nges suspicious the gloomier scenes. Music was predominantly instrumental with love themes during Baylor and Rikers intimate scenes and triumphant scores signifying the victory of the Black/Great benefits case. Costumes were thought out with Dot Blacks clothing orgasm from Good will stores to fasten that lower class citizen appearance.In Conclusion, the entire film was a well thought out production. The Rainmaker was an interesting, enjoyable and at measure quite poignant film, and well worth a high, middle, and lower class citizens movie ticket buying money Recommended viewing for all.

Feminist Movement Essay -- essays research papers

Feminist MovementIn the aftermath of World War II, the lives of the women have changed dramatically. Women spoke their minds unwrap and wanted to be heard. World War II brought them a hot outlook on how they should live their lives. It encouraged women organize social movements such as boycotts and public marches pushing for their human rights and protect them against discrimination. Alongside, they formed their own organization representing them against the federal government like the NOW or National scheme for Women. Through the years, women have been struggling to fight for equal rights and unfortunately good-tempered exist even at the present in some areas. Yes, womens location was not like what they used to back then, where their roles where to stay home do household chores and take care of the children. Now, women have grown to be a new person. They have accomplished their goals and work wherever they want these days. But despite of their success in the feminist movements , it was all due to their personal struggle and difficult work. The feminist movement has changed womens status in the history of our society socially, politically, and economically. The changes made, influenced the society in positive and negative outcomes.Traditionally, women are stereotyped as world committed to only on doing household works nevertheless in our society today, they play significant roles not only at home but also in workplaces such as schools, offices, and businesses. They are now able to have the careers of their choice, and even have the same careers as men do. For example, back then being a police officer is ought to be a mans job. Nowadays, one can see a woman entering varied fields of occupation like in law, carpentry, medicine and sports. This proves that women have as equal rights as men.Although women have attained such freedom, they tend to take avail of it and go overboard. Women, today, are very liberated on how they present themselves in society. To be more specific, is how they dress and act or the way they carry themselves in public. For instance, Britney Spears, a famous entertainer, dresses immodestly and act wildly by doing things under the influence of alcohol such as getting married and getting annulled the neighboring day. Unluckily, as a public figure she is being looked up to especially by young girls. They try to copy her and wear too ... ...me negative outcome, it is still a very significant event that greatly affected the modern society. Women today owe their freedom to the women suffragists who fought for all of the womens rights today. Todays women should hire their respect to the women of the past by celebrating their freedom and by continuing what they have started. If it were not for the suffragists courage and bravery, the world would have been so different from now. Without their movement, modern women would not be able to attain so much freedom such as being able to work, to get involve in politics an d pass leaders, and being able to own businesses. Such freedom has opened many doors for women all over the world at the present and in the future.Work Cited1. Banks, Oliver. Faces of Feminism. brisk York St. Martins Press, Inc., 1981 2. Gubata, Kate. The New Feminism. Readings for Writers. Ed. Jo Ray McCuen, Anthony C. Winkler. Boston, Ma Thomson, 2000. 557-559.3. Nye, Andrea. Feminist Theory and the Philosophies of Man. New YorkCroom Helm, 1988. 4 Womens movement. Encarta Encyclopedia 2004. Encarta Encyclopedia Online.28 Sept. 2004 http//www.search.ence.com/eb/article?tocld=215998

Feminist Movement Essay -- essays research papers

Feminist MovementIn the aftermath of world War II, the lives of the women have changed dramatically. Women spoke their minds out and wanted to be heard. World War II brought them a new outlook on how they should live their lives. It encouraged women organize social movements such(prenominal) as boycotts and overt marches force for their human rights and protect them against discrimination. Alongside, they formed their give organization representing them against the federal government desire the NOW or National Organization for Women. Through the years, women have been attempt to fight for equal rights and unfortunately still exist even at the present in some areas. Yes, womens status was not like what they use to back then, where their roles where to stay home do household chores and take care of the children. Now, women have grown to be a new person. They have accomplished their goals and calculate wherever they want these days. But despite of their success in the feminist mo vements, it was all due to their personal struggle and hard work. The feminist movement has changed womens status in the history of our society socially, politically, and economically. The changes made, influenced the society in positive and negative outcomes.Traditionally, women are stereotyped as being committed to only on doing household works but in our society today, they play large roles not only at home but also in workplaces such as schools, offices, and businesses. They are now able to have the careers of their choice, and even have the same careers as men do. For example, back then being a practice of law officer is ought to be a mans job. Nowadays, one can see a woman entering different fields of occupation like in law, carpentry, medicine and sports. This proves that women have as equal rights as men.Although women have throwed such freedom, they tend to take advantage of it and go overboard. Women, today, are real liberated on how they present themselves in society. To be more specific, is how they dress and act or the way they carry themselves in public. For instance, Britney Spears, a famous entertainer, dresses immodestly and act wildly by doing things under the influence of alcohol such as getting married and getting annulled the next day. Unluckily, as a public figure she is being looked up to especially by young girls. They try to copy her and wear too ... ...me negative outcome, it is still a very significant event that greatly affected the modern society. Women today owe their freedom to the women suffragists who fought for all of the womens rights today. Todays women should pay their respect to the women of the past by celebrating their freedom and by continuing what they have started. If it were not for the suffragists courage and bravery, the world would have been so different from now. Without their movement, modern women would not be able to attain so much freedom such as being able to work, to get involve in politics and become leaders, and being able to own businesses. Such freedom has opened many doors for women all over the world at the present and in the future.Work Cited1. Banks, Oliver. Faces of Feminism. New York St. Martins Press, Inc., 1981 2. Gubata, Kate. The New Feminism. Readings for Writers. Ed. Jo radiation therapy McCuen, Anthony C. Winkler. Boston, Ma Thomson, 2000. 557-559.3. Nye, Andrea. Feminist Theory and the Philosophies of Man. New YorkCroom Helm, 1988. 4 Womens movement. Encarta Encyclopedia 2004. Encarta Encyclopedia Online.28 Sept. 2004 http//www.search.ence.com/eb/article?tocld=215998

Success of Mcdonalds

As a husband and Father of two children, Id like to say Im an expert on McDonalds, especi whollyy the modern day McDonalds which is a lot different than when I was a kid. Today, McDonalds is practically everywhere in the world and is a per centum of their cultures. The explanation of McDonalds success can be derived from many things, but the wholenesss that stand out ar first their branding. They have been around for over lxv geezerhood and that certainly helps with branding. As of today, McDonalds success in the publics eye is that they have quality food at a rugged price that is given to the customer quickly with great service and clean facilities.The plan, organization, leadership and controlling by McDonalds are round as tart edge as you can get when it comes to fast(a) food restaurants. Im difference to talk about these four points and they will tell you wherefore McDonalds is the number one fast food chain in the world. The McDonalds chain is composed of company own ed restaurants as well as franchised restaurants which make up over sixty-five percent of the operating McDonalds outlets. Now because of this many of the restaurants are controlled and run depart from one another.McDonalds is not just around to gain profits, but to survive not only the American recession, but also the global market. They strive to be the best employer for battalion in each community around the world, deliver operational quality to their customers in each and every restaurant and achieve profitable growth by continuing to expand their brand and using their strengths to cut through to be innovative and take advantage of modern technology. So yes, McDonalds k presentlys what they are doing, but that wasnt always the case. Back when they first opened, they were only open for lunch and dinner.So approximately from 700 a. m. to 700 p. m. and they did well, but today most McDonalds restaurants are open twenty-four hours a day. Many fast food chains have copied this ide a in order to keep up with McDonalds. From a planning standpoint, McDonalds is always coming up with innovative ideas to continue to their branding. When you watch a couple hours of television in the evening, no matter what channel, you are going to see a McDonalds commercial. They are typically very fresh and memorable and thats without a doubt on purpose.The planning that goes into McDonalds trade is to always be two steps ahead of their competition. You also probably cant help but see at least one billboard from McDonalds on the way to work. Again, this to McDonalds in your head for breakfast, lunch and dinner. Another big part of McDonalds planning is to stay modern. Our American culture has gotten increasingly obese over the decades and McDonalds takes a lot of heat for this. This is why they came up with their healthy menu a few years back so people had the choice to eat healthy.I believe another big part of McDonalds planning is to tap into markets that they havent reached b efore. Sure McDonalds has been serving coffee for years, but who doesnt like a good cup of Starbucks coffee? I know I love my Starbucks in the morning and this is where McDonalds decided to tap into the gourmet coffee drinker market recently by coming up with the McCafe. They now serve frappuccinos, gourmet coffee and iced coffees. This was brilliant in my opinion because now when you go to McDonalds in the morning for your Egg McMuffin, you can now get a Starbucks quality gourmet coffee.McDonalds has done very well with this addition to their menu and this is why McDonalds has been and will continue to be the number one fast food chain in the world. As uttermost as organizing, McDonalds has franchises all over the world now and they continue to grow at a blistering pace. Their goal is to make sure that globally, each restaurant caters to specific cultures. What is on the menu in my southern calcium McDonalds is different that say a McDonalds in Europe. Having been stationed in Ger many, I can definitely attest to this. So organizationally, McDonalds continues their success by globally rganizing and implementing innovations to each of their franchises all over the world. Even the McCafe, as new as it is, is launching in McDonalds franchises across the globe. Leadership is vital the McDonalds success. Without strong leadership, who knows what would have happened to the McDonalds brand. In 2001, the Human Resource Design Center for McDonalds Corporation initiated the increment of a special leadership development program for a select number of high potential managers identified as candidates for possible promotion into a key role in its system, that of regional manager.The program was entitled McDonalds Leadership Development Experience. This program, now twelve years young, is breeding leadership within its own walls. Having read about the program, its very extensive and well thought out and this is just one of the reasons why McDonalds continues to have strong leadership. Now as far as McDonalds controlling is concerned, they do have very strict controls and guidelines in place to realise that all of their restaurants are uniform. This is really one of the qualities that separate themselves from the competition.The strict controls in place for each McDonalds franchise dont just apply to the ones here in the United States, but all over the world. Things like uniform restaurant hours, quality control standards and strict hiring criteria for employees are just a few of the things that McDonalds has in place to ensure that all of their restaurants in the world have a high standard of excellence. McDonalds has been successful for quite some time now and the four points I just wrote about are some of the reasons for their success. McDonalds will continue to be innovative and hold a high standard of excellence.I be in twenty year there will be new and exciting products from McDonalds as they continue to be the number one fast food chain in the world. McDonalds 24/7 By focusing on the hours between traditional mealtimes, the fast-food giant is sizzling, by Michael Arndt. Business Week. New York Feb 05, 2007. , Iss. 4020 pg. 64, retrieved at 07/22/2010 from http//www. businessweek. com/magazine/content/07_06/b4020001. htm Helm, B. (2010). Ethnic Marketing McDonalds Is Lovin It. Bloomberg Business Week, retrieved May 15, 2011 at http//www. usinessweek. com/magazine/content/10_29/b4187022876832. htm A Golden Recipe for McDonalds Europe, by Kerry Capell(2010). A Golden Recipee for McDonalds Europe. Business Week (on line), New York, July 18, 2008, retrieved at 07/200/2010 from http//www. businessweek. com/globalbiz/content/jul2008/gb20080717_293203. htm Patton, L. (2011). Ronald McDonald Sidelined as Chain Toutes Lattes. Bloomberg Business Week, retrieved May 15, 2011, at http//www. businessweek. com/news/2011-03-02/ronald-mcdonald-sidelined-as-chain-touts-lattes. hypertext mark-up language

Inclusive Learning

Contents Contents1 Introduction2 Findings3 What is Inclusive acquire? 3 Learning Environment4 Access for all4 Inclusive Learning in sign Assessment6 Inclusive eruditeness in the classroom6 Assessment9 conclusion10 Bibliography12 ? A critical evaluation of the principles and practice of Inclusive Learning in spite of appearance XXXXXX XXXXXX. Introduction XXXXXX XXXXXX is a registered charity set uping die based education programmes to young adults.Within my role as Advanced Teaching Practitioner, I am responsible for computer program design, monitoring teaching, mental faculty development and mentoring, fibre assurance and assimilator achievement in addition to my role as a underlying Skills Tutor. Before analysing current practices, I obtain gained the consent from those instantly involved. In order to assess current inclusive schooling principles and practices of the organisation, I need to increase my understanding of inclusive training for my own Continued paid outgrowth (CPD).I need to reflect of my own practices and the practices of former(a)s and evaluate the service provided. Findings What is Inclusive Learning? Inclusive learnedness freighter be defined as the greatest degree of match or fit between the individual learners packments and the provision that is made for them (FEFC, 1996, p2). Inclusive teaching means recognising, accommodating and meeting the learning unavoidably of all students and being awargon of their individual inevitably. It is ab come out identifying the reasonable adjustment that can be made without it having a negative impact of the teaching and learning of others.Open University Press (2006) defines inclusive learning as acknowledging your students have a range of individual needs and atomic number 18 members of diverse communities. Inclusive teaching avoids pigeonholing students into unique(predicate) throngs with predictable and fixed come ones to learning. It is important to consider the need to b e proactive as opposed to being reactive. To practice inclusive learning, actions need to be taken prior to students commencing the process.The Tomlinson report 1996 states Re-designing learning, estimation and organisations to fit objectives and learning styles may mean introducing new content to courses, adapting access or both. This approach is quite diametric from offering courses and then giving students with difficulties some additional human or physical aids to participate. Under the Special Education Needs and Disability influence (SENDA) 2001, all educational establishments must not treat students less favourably than others and make reasonable adjustments to underwrite that their learners argon not substantially disadvantaged.Learning Environment An loving and safe learning environment is vital for inclusive learning to take place. The set forth that XXXXXX XXXXXX occupy are located on the second and third traumatise of a listed building. There are no lifts and in that location is a staircase leading up to the main reception. Under the Disability Discrimination Act, there is a requirement to make reasonable adjustment to be able to ensure those students with a mobility deterioration are not excluded. XXXXXXhave made contingency plans whereby they intake the premises within a local college as and when required.SENDA 2001 states that students should be able to access all services provided for other students. In this case, the local college offers all the facilities and services we offer our students. winning this into consideration, reasonable adjustments have been made. Access for all In order to give strategic direction to inclusive learning, Smith and Armstrong (2005, p1) state providers need to view a co-ordinated approach to inclusive learning, working with different groups, genders and levels of learners. These is achieved ongoing within XXXXXX XXXXX.There is no discrimination on the grounds of gender or sexual orientation within XXXXXX XXXXXX and therefore XXXXXXcomply with all aspects of the Sex Discrimination Act 1975. Our learners come from mixed race, religion and in order to ensure that we adapt these learners, all lag receive multifaith calendars to ensure that they can manage their learning over religious or cultural holidays. As we are funded for a 14-19 age provision, we cannot offer learning to anyone outside this age range. This is a limitation by DCELLS.Should anyone outside this age range require the same type of education and training, there are other training providers where they can be signposted. McGivney (2003) guidelines suggest that people with disabilities, ex-offenders, low paid unqualified workers, male manual workers, unemployed groups, rural residents, women with young children, homeless and those from heathenish minority groups may have problems in participating in organised learning activities. (DCSF, 2008) states 9% of young people aged 16-19 are Not in Education, Employment or Training (NEET).As part of the Every Child Matters Agenda their aim is to break down the barriers to achievement and provide opportunities for those disengaged from learning. This agenda intends to ensure that programmes have been set up to identify children and young adults at risk and promote early intervention. According to the 14-19 Education and Skills White Paper those with learning difficulties are doubly as likely to become NEET. XXXXXX XXXXXX have recently established street based youth work teams across communities in south Wales, working with better half organisations to engage some of the hardest to reach young people nd to mount up them onto positive development opportunities in their own communities. The current teams are a wing and are hoping to expand the project into other geographic and sector communities. XXXXXX XXXXXX are alike establishing links to deliver full and part time extended curriculum services in schools for 14-18 year olds across Wales, provid ing subscribe to for young people in the youth justice system establishing a youth drop in facilities at many centres and expanding the street based youth work.XXXXXXare also in community cohesion work particularly in areas with a large European migrant youth communities and those with a migrant non-welsh speech production community within Welsh speaking indigenous communities. XXXXXXis piloting development of youth volunteering in under-represented groups. Taking all this into consideration, it shows the effort that is being made in order to provide inclusive learning to those students who are at risk of becoming NEET. Inclusive Learning in Initial Assessment According to Green and Bartram 1998, p7) Early and effective discernment of students requirements is critical to the concept of inclusive learning.There are three stages to the initial assessment process within the organisation. Prior to a learner joining they go through an initial assessment process. This begins with an in formal interview following an endorsement from Careers Wales. In this interview, it allows the organisation time to carry out an informal assessment and identify individual learning needs. On entry, introductory skills initial assessments and a VARK learning styles questionnaire are completed. From this process, an Individual Learning Plan (ILP) is written that is specific to the needs of the learner which will identify individual goals.Green and Bartram (1998. p10) outline that in order to achieve silk hat practice there should be a common and shared understanding of the purpose of initial assessment. Through discussion with staff and observations of the initial assessment process, it is evident that this there is a thorough initial assessment process which allows many opportunities to identify any individual needs and preferences. Following this process, if a learner is identified as having a literacy or numeracy need, diagnostic assessment is carried out.Learners have the oppor tunity to do these either by paper based methods or employ Information Technology (IT). The results of this assessment then produce an Individual Learning Plan that is specific to the learners literacy and/or numeracy needs and takes into consideration any special arrangements that may be required. Inclusive learning in the classroom If there has been an individual need identified through initial assessment, it is at this point XXXXXX XXXXXX are reactive as appose to being proactive. For those with physical disabilities, arrangements are made to support them.As previously discussed there is a lack of facilities within the centres to support learners with a disability affecting mobility and this is taken into consideration when careers signpost learners. Apart from this, Rooms are bright, well ventilated and are small enough to be able to accommodate those with minor hearing or visual impairments. When considering students who are deaf and hard of hearing, XXXXXXdo not have a syste m in place for dealing with those who require specialist support including lip speakers, sign language interpreters and speech to text reporters.Although many learners who require this support often plan their own support requirements. To ensure inclusion in the classroom, it should be considered when planning lessons. Once the aims and objectives have been decided, it is then important to consider the needs and previous experiences of the learners. At this stage, you can consider if there are any adjustments that can be made to ensure that the lesson is inclusive Open University Press (2006). This could be large print handouts, varied teaching strategies, applicatory tasks as appose to written, aural or visual methods and where possible, taking into account multi sensory learning.When carrying out questioning in the classroom, there was very good use of reinforcement techniques to consolidate learning. Although tutors gaind all members of the group to participate, this was done i n such(prenominal) a way that no learners felt uncomfortable. When this was necessary (e. g. a speaking and listening task) it was managed in a positive way to recognise individual needs. If learners need support with basic skills, subject specific tutors (NVQ, Key Skills) liaise with the Basic Skills Tutor to organise extra support in addition to their literacy and/or numeracy classes.If the learner has a learning difficulty that affects concentration, extra comfort breaks can be presumption and short activities should also be planned that vary in teaching strategy to keep learners engaged. At present, DCELLS are working towards converged basic and divulge skills. This initiative should have encourage a much standard approach as qualifications will be delivered in a different training and staff will be required to update their CPD. Practices vary depending on the experience of individual tutors within XXXXXX XXXXXX.When observing a key skills session, a tutor suggested to her gr oup that it would be advantage to take notes whilst completing practical activities. On her lesson plan, she had shown inclusive practices by suggesting a Basic Skills Tutor could offer support with both denotation and note taking if required. In terms of the use of classroom assistants or support workers, this is the only instance that in class support is offered due to staffing levels within the organisation. The majority of tutors promote equal opportunities practices by having notes acquirable at the end of the lesson for all learners.Others show inclusive learning techniques by issuing gapped handouts at the reservoir of the lesson to support those with individual needs. This later method allows those learners who have lack of confidence in groups, those with hearing difficulties or partial sight a greater misfortune of achieving the objectives set from the lesson. Experienced staff uses assistive technology in the classroom such as coloured acetate, worksheets on coloured paper or magnifying equipment to support learners when reading books, but once again staff training is needed to ensure consistency throughout the organisation.Smith and Armstrong (2005) suggest providers should make sure that CPD and staff training supports structures and systems implemented to deliver the inclusive learning agenda. Through discussion with staff, it is evident that staff members have little knowledge of how to support learners with Dyslexia, Attention Deficit indisposition (ADD), Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) and other learning and behavioural needs. Therefore staff CPD needs to be updated and staff training offered. Having observed a selection of basic skills sessions, I have seen differentiation being managed very well within the classroom.There are isolated cases where worksheets have been the main teaching strategy due to the diverse nature of the group but the main reason for this is the need for staff development and training. Within sessions , individuals show good inclusive learning techniques when giving feedback. They are constructive and give praise for what has been done well and avoid being negative to learners. For those who have physical disabilities, there is IT equipment available such as specialist mouse and the ability to increase the font size on the majority of programmes used.If there is a need for out of class support, this is also available from the training assessors responsible for the individual learners. Individual training assessors are encouraged to spend time with all learners to build a rapport and encourage them to discuss any individual learning needs. These persons are trained to signpost for guidance and counselling if required. Assessment Once learning has taken place, there are various methods of assessment that are used. Within basic skills, learners are given a choice of completing assignments which are paper based or tests that can be taken using IT.For those who have to submit a portfo lio, they are given the option of using IT to produce their work. There are also dictaphones available to record case studies, professional discussions or oral questioning as appose to written questions. These strategies in place show differentiation for individual needs are being considered. As well as the usual methods of assessment, learners also get a review which is carried out every four weeks. In this review, their progress is monitored and feedback is given on their performance.The Tomlinson Report (1996) shows us that monitoring progress and providing effective feedback contributes to effective inclusive teaching. Within their basic skills support sessions, further feedback is also given as part of their literacy/numeracy ILP. All learners at the end of their visits are given a Training And Support Log (TASL) which gives them feedback on any work produced. Conclusion Following this investigation, I have reached the conclusion that the organisation is reactive as appose to p roactive with regard to inclusive learning.As a training provider, XXXXXX XXXXXX are in truth non-selective about the learners who complete a programme. Many of the learners face a number of obstacles to engaging in learning including low educational attainment, a lack of basic and/or personal skills, caring obligations, homelessness, lack of self belief, confidence and self worth. Despite this, over 70% of the young people that are supported furnish with a positive outcome. The 14-19 Education and Skills White Paper state that 12. 5% of the NEET group have learning difficulties and/or disabilities.If XXXXXXtraining wishes to continue aiming to offer inclusive learning and reduce this NEET cohort, there is a need to train staff by offering CPD in inclusive learning and ways of developing an inclusive learning strategy within the learner process. There are different teaching approaches within the organisation. (Tilstone et al. ,1998, p. 6) states a key issue in promoting inclusive practice must be a reappraisal of the training provided to teachers and other professionals From my observations, I feel that this is an accurate assumption to make.I have been able to observe many sessions over a period of time and have seen that tutors need training on how to incorporate inclusive learning strategies within their lesson plan. Smith and Armstrong (2005) also discuss how providers should establish a strategy for sharing better practice within an organisation. XXXXXXhave meetings for every subject route on a quarterly basis. Although this is an excellent way of sharing best practice, inclusive learning should be listed as an agenda item to ensure that it gets the attention it requires.Although everything is done during the learner process to ensure that equal opportunities and diversity are managed, XXXXXXhave a bullying and harassment procedure in place and also a grievance procedure that prospective, current and past learners can instigate if they wish. From carry ing out research into inclusive learning within XXXXXX XXXXXX, it has been shown that on the whole, a lot of work goes in to meeting the individual needs of the learner and offering a positive learner experience.Having now completed this research, it has made me aware of the financial restraints of the organisation. I feel that I will carry out my role as ATP differently when training staff and mentoring. When working towards curriculum design, I will also ask myself the question How can I make it more inclusive? and from this, I feel that this has played a big part in my CPD. Bibliography ACCESS UNIT. (2006, December 18). Access Unit Making Information kind to Disabled Students. Retrieved December 8, 2008, from University of Bristol http//www. ristol. ac. uk/accessunit/disabilityinfo/accessible33. html ADAMS, M. , & BROWN, S. (2006). Towards Inclusive Learning in Higher Education. London Routledge . BLOOMER, M. , & HODKINSON, P. (1997). Moving into FE The voice of the learner. London Further Education Development Agency (FEDA). CLOUGH, P. (1998). Managing Inclusive Education. From Policy to Experience. London Sage. CSIE. (2008, April 30). About Inclusion. Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Centre For Studies On Inclusive Education http//inclusion. uwe. ac. uk/csie/csiefaqs. htm DCSF . 2008, July 02). Education, Training, Employment. Retrieved December 10, 2008, from Department for Children, Schools and Families. http//www. dcsf. gov. uk/14-19/index. cfm? go=home&sid=26 Every Child Matters (2008, July 02) Change for children Retrieved December 15, 2008, from Every Child Matters http//www. everychildmatters. gov. uk/ete/ FEFC. (1996). Inclusive FE Report of the Further Education Funding Council Learning Difficulties and/or Disabilities citizens committee CSIE Summary. Bristol Centre for Studies on Inclusive Education (CSIE). GREEN, M. . (1998). Initial Assessment To Identify Learning Needs. London Further Education Development Agency (FEDA). LEARNING AND SK ILLS increase AGENCY. (2002). Access For All. London DFES. MCGIVNEY, V. (2003). Working With Excluded Groups. Leicester National Institute of Adult Continuing Education. OPEN UNIVERSITY PRESS . (2006, December 30). Inclusive Teaching. Retrieved December 12, 2008, from Open University Press http//www. open. ac. uk/inclusiveteaching SMITH, V. , & ARMSTRONG, A. (2005). beyond Prejudice Inclusive Learning in Practice.London Learning and Skills Development Agency. TILSTONE, C. , FLORIAN, L. , & ROSE, R. (1998). Promoting Inclusive Practice. London Routledge Falmer. WELSH ASSEMBLY GOVERNMENT. (2008, September 29). Delivering Skills that Work for Wales A new approach to adult community learning. Consultation Document 057/2008 . Caerphilly Department for Children, Education, Lifelong Learning and Skills. What is SENDA 2001? (2007, January 22). Retrieved December 13, 2008, from Hobo http//www. hobo-web. co. uk/tips/12. htm

Racial Diversity in Society Worksheet Essay

Part IComplete the following using the MySocLab Social Explorer constitute Income Inequality by Race (located on the student website) as a referenceSelect 1 racial group from the list belowAfrican American o Asian American o Arab American o Hispanic American/Latino White/CaucasianWrite a 150- to 300-word summary of the economic, kind, and political standings of that group. Use additional resources if necessary, from the University Library or your textbooks. Provide citations for all the sources you use.The economic standings of African Americans ar anything but fruitful. In 2007 the net worth for downhearted families was 20%, and the estimated wealth for blacks in the year of 2042 will drop to 19%. Black median households income sits at $33,374, which is close to 60%(State of Black America 2013). wealth is valuable in a family were your economic situation determines the group of people you associate yourself with. The social standings we face are considerably better than what t hey were decades back. In society today, there are social constraints to how a person of a diametrical race acts. The Acting white, acting black social form has taken on a lot in the recent years. The fear of acting outside of your own race can be detrimental to what needs to be accomplished. For minorities to take school seriously they have to overcome two obstacles, their white classmates and also the idea of acting like someone else.Part II root the following in 50 to 150 words each. Provide citations for all the sources you use.What is racism? In what ways does racism affect diversity? Racism is the flavor that all race is the primary determination of all human traits and capacities and that racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a particular race. I believe this has a huge impact on diversity. We seen diversity as being one in the same or learning how to live around people of different cultural and race. When racism plays such a crucial role in how we live.How do racial groups interact in contemporary America? Are interactions positive, negative, or neutral? Support your response using proper citations. In chapter 8 of the textbook, it points out that the difference between acting white, acting black and neither. It states that the reason African Americans do not succeed in school is because they dont want to be caught acting white. The interaction to me is a negative as any. Contemporary America is made up of white people, and acting white is deemed undesirable in some black neighborhoods. Along with getting the proper knowledge or acting white, you also associate with speaking proper english or having a different cultural preference such as, listening to thrill instead of hip-hop(Ferguson 2007). Acting black in contemporary American can be seen as positive but also neutral.Are there subsisting social inequities based on race? Why or why not? There are many social inequalities based on race. racial disparities are the main reason to the situation some race find themselves in. From income, wealth, health and educational background. In the last decade median white families are making almost double the amount as any other race in America. Black and Mexican median households make up about 67cents compared to every dollar white median households make. Are these inequalities based off the lack of education that minorities receive?What do you believe to be the causes of racial prejudice and discrimination in todays society? I believe the cause of racial prejudice in America is the way that it is perceived. The causes to racial discrimination are the idea the media and other outlets make us believe. I also feel like as a minority in this society the activity that my people perform doesnt help strengthen the case at all. Blacks are perceived as intolerable and it is because it is how the media depicts us. Based on social and economic standards I dont believe it will change until we all are seen as equal.

Gender Socialization in American Social Institutions Essay

Socialization refers to how plenty admit different cultures and learn to live with the divers(a) aspects of the cultures. For an individual, resistantlyization provides an opportunity to gain dissimilar habits and skills that ar necessary for dynamic and acting at various levels within the society. For the wider society, socialization enables different people to exchange moral norms, values, attitudes, social roles, languages, motives and so forth, thereby attaining a form of social and cultural stability (Sapiro, 1990).Socialization is affected by legion(predicate) an(prenominal) factors, which require contributed to factors such as social stratification with item with reference to sexual urge among various societies. galore(postnominal) social theories have suggested that gender is a core cause of social stratification in the American Society ( st mavin, 2001 Andersen & Taylor, 2005 Levinson, Cookson & Sadovnik, 2002 Giddens & Griffiths, 2006). Social stratification wi th comply to gender has been noted in many beas such as place of worship, schools, workplaces, and many other areas that involve social interactions. agree to Andersen and Taylor (2005), the various methods used in interaction in different institutions lead to stratification since males usually tend to dominate the social scene, thus creating a situation whereby females have to play a second role in socialization. This paper will evaluate the methods of socialization used by people in different American educational institutions with particular reference to the role of gender in the social scene.The format of the paper will involve a brief discussion of the various aspects of socialization in the American context followed by a discussion of the methods of gender socialization in American social educational institutions. sex socialization among Americans According to Stone (2001), the American society places a lot of importance in the role of the family as the basic social unit of the society. In fact, the evidence for this is shown by the teemingness in most libraries of published materials regarding marriage and family sustenance in the United States.The interest in family life is instigated by the fact that there are various instances of gender interaction such as those involving children between children and their kick upstairss between parents and between parents and their in-laws (Stone, 2001). An obvious gender interaction that is usually less mentioned is that between any parent and mother-inlaw or father-in-law of the opposite sex. The aspect of mother in law in particular has been a problem to many couples in the American society.In this context, Stone (2001) quotes Eppie Lederer who commented on the persistent problem associated with mothers-in-law by asking the question Must we outlaw the mother in law? The products of family life, that is children, similarly socialise differently depending on where they are. Andersen and Taylor (2005) note t hat gender socialization among children is impacted upon by peers, parents, the media, schools, religious institutions and forth. It is at the child level that various paths of gender socialization are charted.For instance, in schools girls usually get involved in communal games and like getting into groups whereas boys tend to put interest in games that are individualistic (Andersen & Taylor, 2005). The same authors also note that girls play more freely when they are involved in same sex groups. On the other hand, boys tend to wield power all over girls when they play with them and have a tendency to create laws of play over girls. This is perhaps what leads to mens dominance in scenes in afterward life (Andersen & Taylor, 2005 Stone, 2001).Methods of gender socialization in American educational and religious institutions As is the case in all societies, socialization occurs at all stages of life, not expert in childhood stages. The attributes displayed by children in their earl y days such as gender-typed forms of games are indicator of behavior that appear later during adult life. The aspects of agonistic play displayed by boys prepare them for the kind socialization environment they encounter as adults.Giddens and Griffiths (2006) note that boys engage in more aggressive socialization activities because in future they get active in activities such as sports and the large groups they socialize with also teach them to cooperate and compete when working together later in life. Among girls, there is a slightly different approach to socialization. Andersen and Taylor (2005) note that learn in the same way as girls but they dont tend to value the attributes such as highly as boys or men even though these attributes are no less important to them.Thus, gender socialization in various American educational institutions is based on these attributes as discussed in the following sections. Gender socialization in schools Schools in have a distinct influence on gende r socialization because of the considerable amount to time children spend them (Cookson, 1990). Teachers of either sex have different expectations for boys and girls. According to research findings, boys in American schools call out answers about eight times more than girls (Andersen & Taylor, 2005). This makes boys get more attention from their teachers than girls.This point is emphasized by the fact that when teachers of either sex respond to the boys they increase the boys level of perceived importance. Another level of socialization in schools is the kind of books used in class. The kind of messages depicted in the books usually determine the kind of socialization that children have later in life or among themselves (Levinson, Cookson & Sadovnik, 2002). If a person of a sure gender is used as a central figure and is demonstrateed to be powerful or a genius, a mentality is developed among children that people of that gender are powerful in all dimensions.Most of the characters depicted as such are men. Gender socialization and religion Religion is one of the aspects of gender socialization that is often overlooked in the American society. Different religious groups lay emphasis on different aspects of their culture such as gender differences. For instance, most Judeo-Christian religions found in the United States put much emphasis on gender, with a common perspective that men are superior to women. In religions that embrace Orthodox Judaism, men offer prayer to God thanking him for not having made a slave of woman for them.In addition, many other religions in the United States exclude women from leadership in religious functions to signify that women hold a lower position in the society (Levinson, Cookson & Sadovnik, 2002). off from the religions that belittle gender, socialization in Christian and Muslim faiths encourages some form of gender equity (Cookson, 1990). Thus in both churches and mosques, women constantly use what they learn based on their f aiths to question racist practices and other forms of unfair treatment by men.Along this line, protestant and evangelical churches in the United States campaign for share household roles and equal railway line opportunities as part of socialization between men and women (Stone, 2001). Gender socialization and the media Different forms of media such as magazines, film, television, music and many others have a lot of influence on the kind of socialization in the United States. Communication through the various forms of media is facilitated through features such as cartoons, narrations, messages in music and so forth.Men and women play different roles in the media industry and this determines show they socialize at various levels. But a common tendency is that men are usually portrayed as more powerful figure in various media by their dominance in films, sports, and many other activities. This has changed how people view various forms of media and stratified the society (particularly learning institutions) in terms of popularity of some programs. Television in the United States has been criticized for portraying wild images of women and men with respect to their appearance and age (Stone, 2001).There is a common opinion that women are usually portrayed provocatively on television in dresses such as underwear, nightwear, swimsuits and so forth. Media images in social scenes such as social halls, school halls, colleges and other institutions in the United States and so on are criticized for depicting white men as exercising higher authority than white women as well as black men and black women. Many advertisements in social settings also have the same tendency of depicting the male gender as being superior to the female gender (Stone, 2001).Gender socialization and employment in educational institutions Workplaces as schools are characterized by people of either gender playing different roles. The American system of job classification us characterized by hierarc hical organizations which put men and women in different job capacities. For instance, most principals in schools and superintendents of colleges are men (Andersen & Taylor, 2005). This therefore creates an ill-considered notion that leaders in social institutions are always men. ConclusionIt is evident that various from of gender socialization in educational institutions such as schools, colleges, churches, social halls and so forth in the United States is greatly influenced by the kind of socialization that takes place in elementary levels of education such as junior schools. In addition, the kind of behavior that boys and girls are exposed to is carried into adult life. This is shown in many organizations that disseminate knowledge such as colleges, most of which portray men as being superior to women. References Andersen, M. L. and Taylor H. F. (2005).Sociology understanding a diverse society. impudent York Cengage Learning. Cookson, L. Gender equity, social institutions and t he future of fertility. Journal of Population Research, 17(1)1-14 Giddens, A & Griffiths, S. (2006). Sociology. New York Polity Levinson, D. Cookson, P. W. & Sadovnik , A. R. (2002). Education and sociology an encyclopedia. New York Taylor & Francis. Sapiro, V. (1990) Women in American society an introduction to womens studies. New York Mayfield Pub. Co. Stone, L. (2001). New directions in anthropological kinship. New York Rowman & Littlefield.

Consumer Sciences Education Essay

Puberty is the period when children experience various physical and emotional changes in their bodies. Puberty comes with psychological cause that affect the teens interaction at school, with their peers and parents. Puberty Puberty is the stage in childrens lives when they experience physical changes through which their bodies in conclusion develop into adult bodies that are capable of reproducing. It is triggered by hormonal signals that stimulate the growth, function and change in different parts of the body, including the reproductive organs, breasts, skin, muscles, bones, hair and the wiz depending on the sex (Allison, 2000).Puberty has various psychological effects within the school context, peers and parents. Within the school context puberty has wide psychological effects like searching identity and role confusion. It impacts their choice of career, sports activities, work schedule and tend to rebellious to the administration. It has been noted that adolescents prefer more liberal schools. At the analogous time the transition for example to high school has various effects on their academic achievement (Steinberg, 2001). During puberty, adolescents have very high regard for their peers.They metre who they are, their morals and lifestyles against them. Young people struggle to belong and to be accepted and affirmed by their peers, and yet also to become individuals. This desperate need for bridal may explain why many teens engage in substance abuse and sexual activities. According to Allison, (2000, 54), adolescents tend to heed to advice from peers than from teachers and parents. It is notably however, the relationship amid a teen and his or her peers has great impact on their self esteem.According to Steinberg, (2001, 67), parent-adolescent conflict increases during puberty. Conflict has been found to be most evident in interactions betwixt adolescent girls and their mothers and relatively between boys and fathers. Many adolescents feel that the parents do not understand them and that they have different lives and interests. They also feel that the parents cannot guide them powerful through this stormy period because they do not face the same challenges (Allison, 2000).In conclusion, there need to be a mutual understanding between parents and adolescents as puberty is a sensitive stage and needs to be handled with care by both parties. Only this way that both will defame the unnecessary conflicts and promote understanding. Reference Allison, Barbara. (2000). Parent-adolescent conflict in early adolescence. Journal of Family and Consumer Sciences Education Vol 18, No. 2 Steinberg, Laurence. (2001). Adolescent development. Annual Review of Psychology Vol 52 83-110.

Benefits of Procedural Justice Essay

Folger and Konovsky (1989) explain that procedural umpire refers to the perceived fairness of the means used to determine the amounts of compensation employees receive. Coetzee (2004) supercharge describes it as the extent to which fair procedures and processes are in place and adhered to in an system, and to which individuals see their leaders being fair and sincere in all they do. This look for will explore the benefits of procedural justice and in particular present an argument that supports the statement that the knowledge of procedural justice by employees results into positive conk out outcomes.Skarlicki and Folger (1997) identify the following positive consequences of procedural justice organization commitment, intent to stay with the organization, organisational citizenship behavior, trust in supervisors and fetchmates, satisfaction with decisions made as intumesce as increased work effort, mull over satisfaction and performance. It is these positive outcomes that a re expounded on in support of the statement that positive work outcomes arise from the perception of procedural justice by employees.McFarlin and Sweeney (1992) point out that procedures define the organizations capacity to treat employees fairly and therefore if they see the procedures as fair, employees may scan the organization positively. This positivity results into high commitment and supervisor evaluations. Findings in the study by Folger and Konovsky (1989) also reveal that procedural justice has been shown to be positively related to organizational commitment. Furthermore, Moorman, Niehoff and Organ (1993) show that procedural justice influences affective commitment in particular.Affective commitment refers to ones psychological attachment to the organization as well as their identification with it (Muchinsky, 2006). Procedural justice influences affective commitment in a way that the fair procedures of allocating resources and resolving disputes in organizations represent the pick up that employees are valued and it is this value that results in the employee being more attached to and identifying more with the organization.In addition, Organ (1988) suggests that perceptions of fairness may also promote force in organizations through influencing an employees decision to perform organizational citizenship behaviors because in exchange for being treated fairly, employees would engage in discretionary gestures of such behavior. organizational citizenship behaviors are those contributions that employees make to the overall welfare of the organization that go beyond the required duties of their job (Muchinsky, 2006, p. 326).This behavior may include avoiding complaints, attendance better than the chemical group norm and courtesy. Moorman et al. (1993) further explains that employees go above and beyond their prescribed roles by demonstrating conscientiousness toward their work, trying to prevent problems with other employees, informing others before t aking key actions, and refraining from excessively complaining about work, because they feel the necessity to reciprocate the fair treatment they crap received from the organization. This is therefore yet another positive work outcome of procedural fairness.Furthermore, trust, which according to McShane and Von Glinow (2009) refers to positive expectations one person has toward another in situations involving risk, is yet another outcome that arises from procedural justice. Pearce, Bigley and Branyczki (1998) show that perceptions of procedural justice were associated not only with a greater trust in supervisors but also with a greater trust in peers as employees perceive their rights to have been honoured and can therefore reciprocate in any situation, since this trust is based on expectations that are held in common and can be reciprocated.In foothold of job satisfaction and morale, those who perceive justice in their organizations are more likely to feel satisfied with their j ob and less likely to leave their job (Bakhshi, 2009). Moorman et al. , (2009) further explains that procedural justice may be a basis for an employees level of work satisfaction when that employee has developed a positive view of the organization due to its existing fair procedures. This then boosts the level of performance on the job.On the contrary however, perception of procedural injustice therefore in an organization will lead to a range of negative outcomes including low levels of organizational commitment and job satisfaction, reduced task performance and employee withholding of organizational citizenship behaviour (Pearce et al. , 1998). These are negative work outcomes that may therefore hinder the progress of n organization in the long run.In conclusion, this essay has defined procedural justice, and supported the statement that that the perception of procedural justice by employees results in positive work outcomes. This has been done by presenting in detail exploitati on a range of social science literature and empirical research the various outcomes namely trust, job satisfaction, organizational commitment, and organizational citizenship and identifying the negative outcomes of procedural injustice.

Nurse symbolises Essay

In contrast to these three characters, the next characters show the opposition facing the accusations. foremost I will discuss the protagonist of the play John invigilate, whom I have already menti cardinald. observe is a steady man, in whose presence a fool felt his foolishness instantly. He is described as a man in his prime, with a quiet confidence, and an unexpressed, hidden force, which reveals his disposition to the reader. Despite his involution with Abigail that becomes the source of the accusations, the reader feels sympathy towards him ascribable to his preference of rationality over the supernatural, and his modern quality in his logic and his impulsiveness for a advance life for future generations.The Nurses, particularly Rebecca Nurse, be represented as near saints who rely upon practical wisdom and experience. Miller reveals that the Nurses have held a grudge against the Putnams both over land, and similarly over Putnams wanted man in the ministry. Rebecca Nu rse symbolises the good in the community although this does not affect Putnams motivations and the accusations that are made. The last character is Giles Corey. He is a man who didnt give a hoot for public opinion, but is able to oppose Putnam and Parris due to his contentious, and combative manner.Finally, there is the Reverend John Hale, who approaches religious matters with the conviction of a scientist. He holds the belief that they cannot rely upon superstition to solve the girls problems but they may generate a supernatural explanation for the events. Although he does not side with anyone, he is wrapped up in the hysteria that has been created, and evokes further paranoia. He shows the essence of the battle of religion and superstition that is at the foreground in The crucible.The First Act of The Crucible shows several significant themes that continue during the play. I think that one of the most important themes is the ability for accusations to snowball, gaining pace and involving others that were in the background. An early example of this is the charges against the girls and Tituba. At first they are accused of simply dancing, then of dancing naked. These accusations give-up the ghost until Tituba is deemed a witch, and others are accused of Satanism.Another important theme is the shift of blame from one character to another. This is largely due to the minority of people willing to accept the consequences of their actions. The ability of characters to choose whichever position suits their self-interest is encompassed in the First Act largely with Abigail, who uses everything for her own purpose.As I mentioned during my introduction, the play is aptly named The Crucible, which serves as an instrument in which tensions reach a climax under the cloud of accusations. In Act Three, Danforth refers to the title in saying We burn a hot fire here it melts down all concealment. This is true in the sense that all the motives of the characters are revealed , but these have to be first off explained, and this occurs in Act One.Miller uses imagery and language to add to the tensions and conflicts encountered in the First Act. He uses double negatives as a way to emphasise and also to set the play in the right period of history. Miller uses such imagery as sweated like a stallion an image taken sequent from the farm to reflect the themes and set the period. Miller writes that Abigail states that Let either of you breath a word sun go down. This quote contains very puissant language and gives a sense of the harshness of the atmosphere that they lived in.After Act One, the accusations spiral out of control with countless others being accused including Elizabeth Proctor, Rebecca Nurse, and John Proctor himself. The jam hysteria reaches a climax with the accused being hanged after refusing to confess to a sin that they did not do. Reverend John Hale sides with Proctor and says that these accusations are not based upon anything, just per sonal vendettas.In conclusion, Arthur Miller uses the First Act of The Crucible as a strong foundation for the mass hysteria and the intensity of the paranoia that follows in the play. The themes of the play need to be lay into the play quickly and effectively so as to ensure the quick essay of tension. The main issue throughout the play of the conflict of religion and superstition is involved straight away and Miller establishes the stem of all the accusations of Abigails affair with Proctor quickly, as well as giving an insight into the motivations of the other characters. Miller establishes the characteristics of the Salem community that make it so receptive to the witch guide and how accusations can ignite fears and panic which can seize a town to such a great extent.The Crucible, thought of as an allegory to the McCarthyism that gripped the States is elaborately constructed to illustrate how fear and hysteria mixed with an atmosphere of persecution may lead to tragically unj ust consequences. The seeds of future conflict are intricately sown in the first Act to provide The Crucible with a solid base on which the accusations raise the tension and conflict to such extreme highschool and where characters are wrapped up in the hysteria that make the play so compelling. All the important themes are encompassed during the first Act, such as the shift key of blame, and the conflicts of characters, that allow the rest of the play to spiral out of all proportions permitting The Crucible to be so powerful and utterly riveting.

Non thermal food preservation methods Essay

pabulum deteriorate in tincture collect to a wide range of chemical and enzymatic reactions, added to this the consumer demands faster production rate for high look regimen with fresh- standardized characteristics and long ledge life, leading to the application of thermal helpes for nutrition rescue. However this thermal sermons get undesirable do on intellectual nourishment flavor, color and nutritional attributes such as protein and vitamin destruction. These market conditions unneurotic with the disadvantages of the traditional food preservation technologies forced the food products manufacturers to seek for improvements in existing methods and the development of impertinently preservation technologies.Called non-thermal food preservation methods, this sassy and emerging preservation techniques work by killing the microorganisms and inhibiting its enzymatic activity exerting a minimal impact on the nutritional and sensory properties of foods for an extended shelf l ife. to boot non-thermal methods allow the processing of foods below temperatures traditionally employ during thermal control processes, so flavors, vitamins and essential nutrients lowgo minimal or no change.They ar also considered to be more energy efficient and to prolong better quality attributes than conventional thermally based processes. Non-thermal processes also meet industry needs by offering value-added products, new market opportunities and added safety margins (Morris et al., 2007). Foods ignore be non-thermally process by high hydrostatic contract, ultrasound, filtration, irradiation, hurdle technologies and galvanising methods such as pulsed electric landing fields, oscillating magnetic fields and high-voltage discharge. collectible to technological developments, high pressure sensation processing and high electric field pulse processing put one across received increased attention during the last decade (Butz & Tauscher, 2002) .The principal(prenominal) purpose of this assignment is to give a detailed review and approach to the non-thermal preservation technologies of pulsed electric field processing and high hydrostatic pressure processing by individually analyzing the objectives, equipment and process employed, feelings in the food components and properties, and comparing and contrasting the advantages and disadvantages of individually method to conclude which process can preserve in longer and in better run the characteristics that define a commercially high quality product.PULSED ELECTRIC FIELD (PEF)Constituting a non-thermal treatment for food preservation which has a variety of uses in the field of food conservation, ranging from microorganism or enzyme defusing and slowing in liquid food to mass transfer process in plant materials (Wang et al., 2013). The application of PEF includes the effectuation of short repeated high voltage pulses to form cell membranes and develops an alternative to the traditional pasteurizatio n process in the food industry based on thermal processing (Janositz et al., 2011). Liquid, semi-liquid and solid food can undergo pulsed electric field processing. ObjectivePulsed electric field processing use a plastered defined remains that rarely changes its foundations allowing it to keep the general objective of the non-thermal preservation technologies, inhibiting the enzymatic activation of that causes food decomposition using continuous intensive electrical pulses between electrodes to treat foods that consequently, inactivate microorganisms EquipmentThe food products that bequeath be treated is a critical factor in design and equip with the adequate machinery the PEF system domiciliate, its hygienic design is also determining for the quality and safety of foods that will be treated and produced. The normally used equipment for the pulsed electric field system consists of a high-voltage power source, and energy storage electrical condenser bank, a charging current limi ting resistor, a switch to discharge energy from the capacitor across the food, and a treatment chamber (Ortega-Rivas, 2012).Treatment systems used in the pulsed electric field treatment can be classified as batch or continuous (Zhang et all., 2010). Batch or static system chamber consist in 2 parallel plates that provide the about uniform electric field area. persisting have the same equipment for the high voltage pulse seed but also incorporate a pumping continuous system that allows the nonstop processing, necessary for the industrial application. ProcessDevelopmentThe bank of capacitors is charged by a direct current power source from the amplified current main source. An electrical switch is used to discharge energy stored in the capacitor bank across the food held in the preservation/treatment chamber Mechanism of ActionPulsed electric field manages different types of voltages that cause different implications in the processed food, generating a short burst of high voltage to a food placed between two electrodes. When subjected to a higher electric voltage, a large flux of electric current flows through food surface acting a conductors because of the present of charge carriers like ions (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). Although the detailed mechanism that pulsed electric field uses to inactivate the enzymes and microorganism has not been fully clarified, two theories have been proposed the dielectric breakdown possible action and the electroporation theory (Zhang et all., 2010).In the dielectric breakdown mechanism a cell membrane with induced potential starts to condense from reversible pores to irreversible on the membrane, on the other hand the electroporation theory mechanism on a cell membrane makes a osmotic unbalance that swells and leads to a the membrane rupture. HIGH HYDROSTATIC compress (HHP)High hydrostatic pressure alters the equilibrium between protein-protein and protein-solvent interactions at different levels of pressure and cartridge clip combinations do minimal loss of vitamins and flavor compounds assigning the sensory and nutritional quality attributes of food products. Known for its versatility in its applications, HHP provides new alternatives in food products such as cakes, jams, sauces and fruit juices making the further investigation of high hydrostatic pressure is necessary for seeking more advantages in other food processing products (Yang et all., 2012). Like pulsed electric field process, high hydrostatic pressure is an alternative to conventional thermal pasteurization for food preservation (Yang et all., 2012). ObjectiveUsing up to 600 MPa of high pressure, high hydrostatic pressure objective is to achieve microbial inactivation or to alter the food attributes in order to obtain consumer-desired qualities maintaining its natural freshness and extending its shelf life, causing minimal changes in the originalcharacteristics of food by eliminating thermal degradation. EquipmentAlthough the equipment use d for high hydrostatic pressure is expensive and specialized, overdue to its popularity is available in a variety of types and quality. Every high hydrostatic pressure system consist of multiple components, its main constituents are the pressure vas and its enclosure, the pressure generator system, the temperature control device and materials handling adaptation (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). The main factors food producers must consider when building the main components of an HHC system like pressure vessels are stress endurance, resistance and corrosion. High-pressure vessel is usually do of low-alloy steel (Bhat, 2011). ProcessDevelopmentPlace the food package in a sterilized container and saddle it in the pressure chamber. Fill the pressure chamber with water and hold under pressure for the time required to pressurize the vessel. Depressurize the chamber and remove processed food. . After pressurization, the food is kept under high pressure for the required process time. Depressuriza tion can be done faster. Mechanism of ActionHHP removes ambience from the food packaging the products. During the pressurizing process the time required to pressurize the vessel is influenced by the compressibility and the disposition of the food material but independent to the quantity of food placed in the pressure vessel (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). There are two types of pressurization systems, direct and indirect (Ortega-Rivas, 2012). The indirect pressurization system is pumped through a high-pressure intensifier into the pressure vessel, the intensifier is used to increase the pressure to desired levels.This system requires high-pressure tubing and appropriate fittings to convey the medium into the pressure vessel. In direct system, the pressure intensifier and the pressure vessel worked as a large single unit, so a piston is used to gift the high pressure to the product. The limitations of this system are that it requires heavy duty seals that can withstand the repeated opening or closure and the need of a large number of seals between the pressure vessel and the piston. causeThe wide field of application that both PEF and HHP have led to find in the literature galore(postnominal) of experiments where the positives effects of this two process are observed in any kind of food products. Their most common effects are the inactivation of microorganisms and the enhance of biological compounds. Pulsed Electric FieldExtension of shelf life produced by PEF has been reported. Antioxidant components such as anthocyanins, carotenoids, phenolic compounds and vitamin C are very sensitive to heat, effects of PEF is very low making it an excellent alternative to the thermal processes that lead to the loss of antioxidant and bioactive compounds (Bhat,2011). PEF effects in important parameters that determine the commercial quality of a final product have been demonstrated. Food parameters like drying, extraction and pression of solid texture can improve if using the sui table electrical load (Zhang et all., 2010). Enzyme inactivation after a PEF treatment is the secondary most important effect. High Hydrostatic PressureBy enabling the enzyme activation HHC prevents the rapidly and uniform propagation of microorganism throughout the food, making this the main effect in benefit of the product quality. APPLICATIONSAs established at different points throughout the text, the applications of this two methods are used in all the food industry fields. Vegetable and meat product industries use these technologies to maintain fresh-like sensory qualities on its products. Sea food and juices and beverages focus more in increasing the water intake and water holding properties (Klonowski et all.,2006). ADVANTAGESThe main advantages of PEF and HHP in comparison with the thermal preservation process is the fact that their quality has been proved in products that globe all the types of food industries. Competition between the various types of processes makes compa nies optimize normal technologies to deliver better quality products. DISADVANTAGESDue to the difficulty that represents obtaining the materials to build the machinery and the time that it takes, makes using PEF and HHP a let for those companies that can afford the high cost of manufacturing and maintenance. CONCLUSIONHHP has a clear advantage over PEF due to the effects that water pressure have against inactivation of microorganisms, more effective than the electric pulses. REFERENCESBhat, R., Alias, A.K., & Paliyath, G. (2011). Progress inf Food preservation (1st ed). Wiley. Butz, P. & Tauscher B. (2002). emerging technologies chemical aspects. Food Research International, 32(2-3), 279-284. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0963-9969(01)00197-1 Janositz, A., Noack, A.K., & Knorr, D. (2011). Pulsed electric fields and their impact on the scattering characteristics of potato slices. LWT- Food Science and Technology, 44(9), 1939-1945. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.lwt.2011.04.006 Klonowski, I., Heinz, V., Toepfl, S., Gunnarsson, G., & Porkelsson, G. (2006). Applications of Pulsed Electric Field Technologies for the Food Industry. Icelandic Fisheries Laboratories. http//www.avs.is/media/avs/Skyrsla_06-06.pdf Morris, C., Brady, A., & Wicker, L. (2007). Non-Thermal Food touch/Preservation Technologies A Review with Packaging Implications. Packaging Technology and Science, 20(4), 275-286. doi/10.1002/pts.789/pdf Ortega-Rivas, E. (2012).Non-thermal Food Engineering Operations (1st ed). uppercase State University, USA. Saldaa, G., Purtolas, E., Monfort, S., Raso, J., & Alvarez, I. (2011). Defining treatment conditions for pulsed electric field pasteurization of apple juice. International diary of Food Microbiology, 151(1), 29-35. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2011.07.033 Wang, Z., Wang, J., Guo, S., Ma, S., & Yu, S.J. (2013). Kinetic modeling of Maillard reaction system subjected to pulsed electric field. Innovative Food Science & Emerging Technologies. http//dx .doi.org/10.1016/j.ifset.2013.06.007 Yang, B., Shi, Y., Xia, X., Xi, M., Wang, X., Ji, B.,& Meng, J. (2012). Inactivation of foodborne pathogens in raw milk using high hydrostatic pressure. Food Control, 28(2). 273-278. http//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foodcont.2012.04.030 Zhang, H., Barbosa-Canovas, G., Balasubramaniam, V., Bala, M., Dunne, C., Farkas, D., & Yuan, J.(2010). Nonthermal Processing Technologies for Food (1st ed). Wiley.

Ethical challenges face by Martin Luther King Junior Essay

Martin Luther Kings legacy is that of a crusader for nicety, comparability and peace. He possessed the ability to cloak his causes in the highest of ethical standards. It is verbalise that he could speak of freedom and justice and the promised land and arouse the idealistic emotions of vague and white, rich and poor. Even when he talked tough, he sought a higher level with phrases like direct action and conformation and militant non-violence. The main aim or the term paper is to find out the ethical challenges go about by King, and what he did to overcome them. The turn of Martin LutherAt the time King started his utilisation as an emancipator, the African Americans lived difficult lives. Despite the issuance of the license Proclamation during the American Civil War, many African Americans and new(prenominal) minorities continued to endure inequality for the future(a) century, especially in the south. Local statutes known as Jim Crow laws were passed that effectively barred people much(prenominal) as African Americans from fully executing their constitutional rights, such as voting. Segregation was common in the South, and African Americans were non always guaranteed their rights in other parts of the country either.Many felt the recounting needed to pass new laws to guarantee these privileges. Eventually, Africans Americans decided that they could not rely on whites to act on their behalf and choose a leader of their own movement to bring about this change, Martin Luther King Jr. Challenges faced by Martin Luther Martin Luther was a moral leader, who brought the country out of the dark time in American history. He always had a commitment to serve others, and this led him beyond the fight for racial and political equality, and in to the realm of economic equality.He was the most effective person in bringing hope to the black community, which had suffered in the hands of the whites. King faced many ethical challenges, but since he was a pastor, he w as able to judge right and overcome them. At that time, groups like the Ku Klux Klan, terrorized and persecuted African Americans, carrying out lynching and other acts of violence. Being a pastor, he had to look for other ways to fight for the rights of the African Americans, which were non-violent. A hatful of violent acts, including the bombing of his house and several assassination attempts, were some of the hardships he had to endure.However, the feature that he neer replayed back in violent ways, and was instead able to pave way for his future advocacy of peaceable means of conflict resolution prove that he was clearly a man of straight ethics. When he was stabbed in 1958, he traveled to India to meet with the followers of the Late Mahatma Gadhi, who was also an advocate of peaceful, nonviolent protests. This emphasizes the fact that he never advocated for violence. King was also arrested many times, but these arrests never stopped him from advocating for the rights of the African Americans. unitary of such incidents occurred in 1962, when he led demonstrations against segregation in Albany, Georgia. For his efforts, he was arrested and jailed, but the arrest did not yield any vector sums. However, he learned form his experiences, and the following year, 1963, proved to be a watershed year for the civil rights movement largely due to his work. Kings belief in equality and justice Being the leader of a movement, for the black people, King believed in reconciliation, among the whites and the blacks.Reconciliation was a result of such unethical acts as discrimination of the black by the whites. He could have chosen not to fight for the freedom of the blacks, but he went to the extent of endangering his life for them, just because he wanted the blacks to be treated in the right ethical manner. As a leader and through his determination, he could project that it was not right that Americans be separated by the fact that they had different skin colors. He did a lot, to ensure that the blacks earned their right place in the society.Based on these efforts, it can be said that King demonstrated his characteristics as a good leader, who could make good ethical decisions. He argued that the role of the state was to provide the physical and material conditions required for full reconciliation to become a human beings within society. From 1955-1963, King focused his efforts on the need for the state to act as an agent by sanctioning desegregation in the various forms of public accommodations. King focused his work on name the state to effect reconciliation between its citizen and the economic and political systems that alienated them.

How Old World Diseases Destroyed Indian America Essay

The Invisible Enemy How Old host man affections destroyed Indian America and created Colonial America. In the years prior to the Pilgrims establishing Plymouth colony in 1620, the bowl had been ravaged by an epidemic of disease which had wiped out the original Indian inhabitants. The Pilgrims believed that God had move the disease among the Indians to clear the site for his chosen people. This is but virtuoso example of how the introduction of disease would constantly tack the life story Indian America into a new America the Natives would barely recognize and would brass section an everlasting struggle to be part of.The impact of Old World diseases is one of the most scathing aspects to understanding the news report of Native American Indians. Old World pathogens were carried by the Europeans into the virgin soil of Indian America would forever change the very existence of the Native Americans. Epidemics of orca disease were to rampage through Indian society and the In dians being immunologically defenseless succumbed in their thousands. Smallpox was the most devastating of the azoic killer diseases, followed by deadly strains of typhus and measles (Thornton 198744-45).These were followed by bubonic plague, diphtheria, cholera, scarlet fever, typhoid, mumps, pertussis, colds, pleurisy, and, virulent forms of pneumonia and influenza along with respiratory contagions, poliomyelitis, venereal syphilis, malaria, yellow fever and dysentery. The mortality rates from variola were appallingly high and the yearly outbreaks compounded the losses. Thornton, Miller and Warren (199141) conclude that American Indian populations were exposed to cycles of population reduction caused by both recurrent epidemics of the same disease and by epidemics of newly encountered diseases experiencing virgin veil conditions.In 1779, smallpox broke out in Mexico City, and over the next four years the disease reached pandemic proportions, dissemination in all directions thro ugh the Southwest, the Great Plains, Rocky Mountains and by 1783 into Canada. Thousands of Indians died. Mortality rates of 90 per cent were commonplace tribes were decimated, in some instances wholly obliterated. Indian populations fell into a precipitous decline one estimate speculates that the population of Native Indians in North America fell by 74 pct between 1492 and 1800.In some functions populations recovered and in some areas increased, as refugees from other areas coalesced with existing groups, but all told, disease, in conjunction with war, slavery and other cultural disruptions determined there was skimp opportunity for population recovery to occur. Treatment of epidemic related illnesses by traditional methods were often lethally counterproductive. fret lodge ceremonies to purify the body required convening people in a confined piazza and therefore making the airborne transmission of viruses easier.The profuse sweating brought about dangerous dehydration as did th e use of customary herbal medicines, many of which contained cathartic and emetic properties. With the Indians resorting in anguish to curing societies and participation rituals to combat new diseases shamans explored new and more effective rituals through fasting and dreaming. The Mandan Indians, a farming tribe, living along the minute River at the edges of the Great Plains, were virtually wiped out by disease.When first encountered by the french in 1738 the Mandans population was approximately 15,000 but over the next hundred years, numbers declined dramatically. The Mandans location at the hub of the mass network on the Missouri River guaranteed exposure to the epidemic diseases sweeping through trade routes. Nucleated, sedentary tribes were hardest bourgeon by disease for the Mandans and river peoples like them, this caused further shifting of the power balance in the region to the Plains groups.After experiencing devastating losses in the smallpox pandemic of 1779-81, by June 1837 the Mandan population was at high hat 2,000 by October 1837, after another smallpox epidemic, 138 Mandan Indians remained. Like the Mandans, the Huron interactions with European traders inevitably brought disease to their villages. Prior to the spend of 1634, a Huron population of 30,000 persons and 20 villages was estimated by the French Jesuits who had lived among them. Influenza struck in 1636. Smallpox hit hard in the mid-1630s, returning in 1639 and by 1640 half the Huron people had been killed by the disease.A kin to house census conducted by the Jesuits in the spring of 1639 and over the winter of 1639-40, documents the impact of the 1639-40 smallpox epidemic the last in a series of catastrophic diseases between 1634 and 1640. A total of 12,000 Huron and their neighbors the Tionantate remained. As disease took its appalling toll, the Huron looked increasingly to the Jesuits for spiritual help. The missionaries who had been barely tolerated before, were largely un affected by disease and therefore in the eyes of the Huron, men of power.Reinforcing this belief was the failure of the Huron shamans to forewarn or safeguard their people from the devastation. Over the billet of the six years between 1634 and 1640, the Huron experienced a depopulation rate of 60 per cent. The Kiowa were a nomadic, buffalo-hunting tribe. They ranged from the head of the Missouri River to the Black Hills until driven southward by the Arapaho, Cheyenne and Sioux to the region near the Arkansas River in the early nineteenth century. At this time the Kiowa numbered around 2,000.Plains Indians being more dispersed, had a lesser chance of infection and greater chance of survival, but in the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries, epidemics of smallpox struck the Indians of the West hard. Up to half of the Plains Indians may have died in the smallpox pandemic of 1779-81, which had advanced along trade routes that the Indians followed to trade horses. The Dohasan calendar (18 32-92) was begun by the Kiowa chief named Dohasan and continued until 1892 by his nephew when Dohasan died in 1866, chronicles sixty years of devastating change for the Kiowa.Using a copy of the calendar drawn by Dohasan himself, anthropologist James Mooney compiled an account of the events depicted by the calendar, from information supplied by Dohasan and supplemented with information from other Kiowa chronicles. The calendar accounts epidemics among the Kiowas in the winter of 1839-40 and 1861-62, and in the summer of 1849, cholera. By the summer of 1879, buffalo were so scarce that to keep from starving the Kiowas had to kill and eat their horses.The calendar ends in 1892 with a measles epidemic, which broke out at the reservation school, and once the school superintendent sent the sick children home, spread quickly. In 1848 gold was discovered in California, this inevitably brought more immigrants across the Plains, who in turn brought cholera, measles and scarlet fever to the I ndians. The eventual conquest of the West by the American military came about in the in the aftermath of biological catastrophes which had left the Indians practically powerless and unable to resist. refrain about how these experiences/events were critical in native American history Conclude by explaining why (or why not studying native American history is important today Native American history is important and it is imperative that it still be studied today. As part of the fundamental roots of this commonwealth and the brutal behaviors It is impossible not to be apathetic to the Native Indians immense suffering at the pass of the formation of Colonial America. The gains achieved by the new America were at the detriment of the Indian people.